Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 35, ISSUE 1, P1-15, March 2023

Strokes and Predictors of Outcomes

Published:January 02, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2022.10.003

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Critical Care Nursing Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

      1. About stroke. American stroke association.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 20, 2022)
      2. Types of stroke and treatment. American stroke association.
        (Available at:) (Accessed August 5, 2022)
        • Group NIoNDaSr-PSS
        Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke.
        N Engl J Med. 1995; 333: 1581-1587
        • Mathews S.
        • De Jesus O.
        Thrombectomy. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2022.
        StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2022
        • Rennert R.C.
        • Wali A.R.
        • Steinberg J.A.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology, natural history, and clinical presentation of large vessel ischemic stroke.
        Neurosurgery. 2019; 85: S4-S8
        • Flint A.C.
        • Cullen S.P.
        • Rao V.A.
        • et al.
        The THRIVE score strongly predicts outcomes in patients treated with the Solitaire device in the SWIFT and STAR trials.
        Int J Stroke. 2014; 9: 698-704
        • Chaudhary D.
        • Abedi V.
        • Li J.
        • et al.
        Clinical risk score for predicting recurrence following a cerebral ischemic event.
        Front Neurol. 2019; 10: 1106
        • Kernan W.N.
        • Viscoli C.M.
        • Brass L.M.
        • et al.
        The stroke prognosis instrument II (SPI-II) : a clinical prediction instrument for patients with transient ischemia and nondisabling ischemic stroke.
        Stroke. 2000; 31: 456-462
        • O'Connor K.P.
        • Hathidara M.Y.
        • Danala G.
        • et al.
        Predicting clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy: the GADIS (gender, age, diabetes mellitus history, infarct volume, and current smoker [corrected]) score.
        World Neurosurg. 2020; 134: e1130-e1142
        • Saposnik G.
        • Raptis S.
        • Kapral M.K.
        • et al.
        The iScore predicts poor functional outcomes early after hospitalization for an acute ischemic stroke.
        Stroke. 2011; 42: 3421-3428
        • Saposnik G.
        • Reeves M.J.
        • Johnston S.C.
        • et al.
        Predicting clinical outcomes after thrombolysis using the iScore: results from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive.
        Stroke. 2013; 44: 2755-2759
        • O'Donnell M.J.
        • Fang J.
        • D'Uva C.
        • et al.
        The PLAN score: a bedside prediction rule for death and severe disability following acute ischemic stroke.
        Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172: 1548-1556
        • Nunn A.
        • Bath P.M.
        • Gray L.J.
        Analysis of the modified Rankin Scale in randomised controlled trials of acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review.
        Stroke Res Treat. 2016; 2016: 9482876
        • Powers W.J.
        • Rabinstein A.A.
        • Ackerson T.
        • et al.
        Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2019; 50: e344-e418
        • Bullitt E.
        • Zeng D.
        • Mortamet B.
        • et al.
        The effects of healthy aging on intracerebral blood vessels visualized by magnetic resonance angiography.
        Neurobiol Aging. 2010; 31: 290-300
        • Yousufuddin M.
        • Young N.
        Aging and ischemic stroke.
        Aging (Albany NY). 2019; 11: 2542-2544
        • Roy-O'Reilly M.
        • McCullough L.D.
        Age and sex are critical factors in ischemic stroke pathology.
        Endocrinology. 2018; 159: 3120-3131
        • Bluhmki E.
        • Danays T.
        • Biegert G.
        • et al.
        Alteplase for acute ischemic stroke in patients aged >80 years: pooled analyses of individual patient data.
        Stroke. 2020; 51: 2322-2331
        • Martini M.
        • Mocco J.
        • Turk A.
        • et al.
        An international multicenter retrospective study to survey the landscape of thrombectomy in the treatment of anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke: outcomes with respect to age.
        J Neurointerv Surg. 2020; 12: 115-121
        • Lyden P.
        Using the National Institutes of Health stroke scale: a cautionary tale.
        Stroke. 2017; 48: 513-519
        • Agis D.
        • Goggins M.B.
        • Oishi K.
        • et al.
        Picturing the size and site of stroke with an expanded National Institutes of Health stroke scale.
        Stroke. 2016; 47: 1459-1465
        • Rost N.S.
        • Bottle A.
        • Lee J.M.
        • et al.
        Stroke severity is a crucial predictor of outcome: an international prospective validation study.
        J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5: 1-7
        • Wouters A.
        • Nysten C.
        • Thijs V.
        • et al.
        Prediction of outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke based on initial severity and improvement in the first 24 h.
        Front Neurol. 2018; 9: 308
        • Yao S.
        • Liu X.
        • Luo Y.
        • et al.
        How strong the predictive ability of the variable age and stroke severity for patients presented late.
        J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020; 29: 104538
        • Guenego A.
        • Lucas L.
        • Gory B.
        • et al.
        Thrombectomy for comatose patients with basilar artery occlusion : a multicenter study.
        Clin Neuroradiol. 2021; 31: 1131-1140
        • Cox M.
        • Kim D.
        • Sedora-Roman N.I.
        • et al.
        Beware the bright basilar artery: an early and specific CT sign of acute basilar artery thrombosis.
        Intern Emerg Med. 2018; 13: 1327-1328
        • Chen R.
        • Ovbiagele B.
        • Feng W.
        Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes.
        Am J Med Sci. 2016; 351: 380-386
        • Lau L.H.
        • Lew J.
        • Borschmann K.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of diabetes and its effects on stroke outcomes: a meta-analysis and literature review.
        J Diabetes Investig. 2019; 10: 780-792
        • Johnston K.C.
        • Bruno A.
        • Pauls Q.
        • et al.
        Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial.
        JAMA. 2019; 322: 326-335
        • Streib C.D.
        • Hartman L.M.
        • Molyneaux B.J.
        Early decompressive craniectomy for malignant cerebral infarction: meta-analysis and clinical decision algorithm.
        Neurol Clin Pract. 2016; 6: 433-443
        • Geurts M.
        • van der Worp H.B.
        • Kappelle L.J.
        • et al.
        Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction: outcomes at 3 years in the randomized HAMLET trial.
        Stroke. 2013; 44: 2506-2608
        • Montaño A.
        • Hanley D.F.
        • Hemphill J.C.
        Hemorrhagic stroke.
        Handbook Clin Neurol. 2021; 176: 229-248
        • Qureshi A.I.
        • Mendelow A.D.
        • Hanley D.F.
        Intracerebral haemorrhage.
        Lancet. 2009; 373: 1632-1644
        • Greenberg S.M.
        • Ziai W.C.
        • Cordonnier C.
        • et al.
        Guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2022; 53: e282-e361
        • van Asch CJJ
        • Luitse M.J.A.
        • Rinkel G.J.E.
        • et al.
        Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 167-176
        • Yiin G.S.
        • Howard D.P.
        • Paul N.L.
        • et al.
        Age-specific incidence, outcome, cost, and projected future burden of atrial fibrillation-related embolic vascular events: a population-based study.
        Circulation. 2014; 130: 1236-1244
        • Hemphill 3rd, J.C.
        • Bonovich D.C.
        • Besmertis L.
        • et al.
        The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage.
        Stroke. 2001; 32: 891-897
        • Witsch J.
        • Siegerink B.
        • Nolte C.H.
        • et al.
        Prognostication after intracerebral hemorrhage: a review.
        Neurol Res Pract. 2021; 3: 22
        • McCracken D.J.
        • Lovasik B.P.
        • McCracken C.E.
        • et al.
        The intracerebral hemorrhage score: a self-fulfilling prophecy?.
        Neurosurgery. 2019; 84: 741-748
        • Zahuranec D.B.
        • Fagerlin A.
        • Sánchez B.N.
        • et al.
        Variability in physician prognosis and recommendations after intracerebral hemorrhage.
        Neurology. 2016; 86: 1864-1871
        • Morgenstern L.B.
        • Zahuranec D.B.
        • Sánchez B.N.
        • et al.
        Full medical support for intracerebral hemorrhage.
        Neurology. 2015; 84: 1739-1744
        • Sembill J.A.
        • Gerner S.T.
        • Volbers B.
        • et al.
        Severity assessment in maximally treated ICH patients: the max-ICH score.
        Neurology. 2017; 89: 423-431
        • Sembill J.A.
        • Castello J.P.
        • Sprügel M.I.
        • et al.
        Multicenter validation of the max-ICH score in intracerebral hemorrhage.
        Ann Neurol. 2021; 89: 474-484
        • Rost N.S.
        • Smith E.E.
        • Chang Y.
        • et al.
        Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: the FUNC score.
        Stroke. 2008; 39: 2304-2309
        • Pinho J.
        • Costa A.S.
        • Araújo J.M.
        • et al.
        Intracerebral hemorrhage outcome: a comprehensive update.
        J Neurol Sci. 2019; 398: 54-66
        • Rådholm K.
        • Arima H.
        • Lindley R.I.
        • et al.
        Older age is a strong predictor for poor outcome in intracerebral haemorrhage: the INTERACT2 study.
        Age Ageing. 2015; 44: 422-427
        • Parry-Jones A.R.
        • Abid K.A.
        • Di Napoli M.
        • et al.
        Accuracy and clinical usefulness of intracerebral hemorrhage grading scores: a direct comparison in a UK population.
        Stroke. 2013; 44: 1840-1845
        • Poon M.T.
        • Fonville A.F.
        • Al-Shahi Salman R.
        Long-term prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis.
        J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85: 660-667
        • Inohara T.
        • Xian Y.
        • Liang L.
        • et al.
        Association of intracerebral hemorrhage among patients taking non-vitamin K antagonist vs vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants with in-hospital mortality.
        JAMA. 2018; 319: 463-473
        • Khan N.I.
        • Siddiqui F.M.
        • Goldstein J.N.
        • et al.
        Association between previous use of antiplatelet therapy and intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes.
        Stroke. 2017; 48: 1810-1817
        • Thompson B.B.
        • Béjot Y.
        • Caso V.
        • et al.
        Prior antiplatelet therapy and outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review.
        Neurology. 2010; 75: 1333-1342
        • Broderick J.P.
        • Brott T.G.
        • Duldner J.E.
        • et al.
        Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality.
        Stroke. 1993; 24: 987-993
        • Davis S.M.
        • Broderick J.
        • Hennerici M.
        • et al.
        Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage.
        Neurology. 2006; 66: 1175-1181
        • Li S.
        • Wang Y.
        • Wang W.
        • et al.
        Stress hyperglycemia is predictive of clinical outcomes in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
        BMC Neurol. 2022; 22: 236
        • Wu T.Y.
        • Putaala J.
        • Sharma G.
        • et al.
        Persistent hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage.
        J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6: 1-10
        • Maher M.
        • Schweizer T.A.
        • Macdonald R.L.
        Treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: guidelines and gaps.
        Stroke. 2020; 51: 1326-1332
        • Etminan N.
        • Macdonald R.L.
        Neurovascular disease, diagnosis, and therapy: subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm.
        Handb Clin Neurol. 2021; 176: 135-169
        • WFoNS Committee
        Report of world Federation of neurological Surgeons Committee on a universal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scale.
        J Neurosurg. 1988; 68: 985-986
        • Hunt W.E.
        • Hess R.M.
        Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 1968; 28: 14-20
        • Jaja B.N.R.
        • Saposnik G.
        • Lingsma H.F.
        • et al.
        Development and validation of outcome prediction models for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: the SAHIT multinational cohort study.
        BMJ. 2018; 360: j5745
        • Katsuki M.
        • Kakizawa Y.
        • Nishikawa A.
        • et al.
        Easily created prediction model using deep learning software (Prediction One, Sony Network Communications Inc.) for subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes from small dataset at admission.
        Surg Neurol Int. 2020; 11: 374
        • Witsch J.
        • Kuohn L.
        • Hebert R.
        • et al.
        Early prognostication of 1-year outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the FRESH score validation.
        J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019; 28: 104280
        • McIntyre M.K.
        • Gandhi C.
        • Long A.
        • et al.
        Age predicts outcomes better than frailty following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort analysis.
        Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019; 187: 105558
        • Fehnel C.R.
        • Gormley W.B.
        • Dasenbrock H.
        • et al.
        Advanced age and post-acute care outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
        J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6: 1-10
        • Nieuwkamp D.J.
        • Rinkel G.J.
        • Silva R.
        • et al.
        Subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients > or = 75 years: clinical course, treatment and outcome.
        J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006; 77: 933-937
        • Hathidara M.Y.
        • Campos Y.
        • Chandrashekhar S.
        • et al.
        Scoring system to predict dospital outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage-incorporating systemic response: the CRIG score.
        J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022; 31: 106577
        • van Donkelaar C.E.
        • Bakker N.A.
        • Birks J.
        • et al.
        Prediction of sutcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
        Stroke. 2019; 50: 837-844
        • Witsch J.
        • Frey H.P.
        • Patel S.
        • et al.
        Prognostication of long-term outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the FRESH score.
        Ann Neurol. 2016; 80: 46-58
        • Green T.L.
        • McNair N.D.
        • Hinkle J.L.
        • et al.
        Care of the patient with acute ischemic stroke (posthyperacute and prehospital discharge): update to 2009 comprehensive nursing care scientific statement: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
        Stroke. 2021; 52: e179-e197
        • Connolly Jr., E.S.
        • Rabinstein A.A.
        • Carhuapoma J.R.
        • et al.
        Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2012; 43: 1711-1737
        • Christensen E.R.
        • Golden S.L.
        • Gesell S.B.
        Perceived benefits of peer support groups for stroke survivors and caregivers in rural North Carolina.
        N C Med J. 2019; 80: 143-148